An assessment of Pakistani pharmacy and medical students’ knowledge of black box warnings / Una evaluación del conocimiento de estudiantes de medicina y de farmacia en Pakistán sobre alertas de medicamentos / Uma avaliação sobre o acesso de estudantes paquistaneses de medicina e farmácia ao conhecimento das advertências das caixas de tarja preta

Food and Drug Administration delivers the black box warnings (BBW) which should appear on the leaflets of medicines for patient awareness and the prescription of drugs indicating its highly fatal adverse effects to human body. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of Pakistani pharmacy and medical students about BBW. A questionnaire containing contents about BBW was given to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd professional year pharmacy and medical students from different pharmacy and medical institutes. A 76 percent survey response rate was observed. It was observed that student’s knowledge about BBW improves in association with the promotion in professional years of pharmacy and medical education. The results indicate that student’s knowledge about black box increases with the study level. Training in black box warnings should be implemented in pharmacy and medical institutions influencing the meaningful ways to educate and train pharmacy and medical students, and help these students to get recent knowledge about black box warnings so that, in future, they may perform an ethical practice in their respective fields.

La Agencia Reguladora de Alimentos y Medicamentos comunica alertas sobre medicamentos (AM), que debieran aparecer en los prospectos de medicinas, para el conocimiento de los pacientes y la prescripción de medicamentos, indicando sus efectos adversos fatales para el cuerpo humano. El objetivo de este estudio es averiguar el conocimiento de estudiantes de medicina y de farmacia sobre AM. Se entregó un cuestionario con contenidos sobre AM a estudiantes de farmacia y de medicina de primero a tercer año de diferentes institutos médicos y farmacéuticos. Se obtuvo un 76 por ciento de respuesta. Se observó que el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre AM mejora asociado a la promoción en años profesionales de medicina y farmacia. Los resultados indican que el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre alerta de medicamentos aumenta con el nivel de estudio. Debería implementarse la formación sobre alerta de medicamentos en farmacia y medicina y ayudar a los estudiantes a tener conocimiento actual sobre alerta de medicamentos de forma que, en el futuro, puedan realizar prácticas éticas en sus campos respectivos.

A Food and Drug Administration disponibiliza as advertências das caixas de tarja preta (BBW) que devem aparecer em bulas de medicamentos para conscientização de pacientes e a prescrição de drogas, indicando seus efeitos adversos altamente fatais para o corpo humano. O propósito deste estudo foi o de de inteirar a cerca do conhecimento de estudantes de medicina e farmácia sobre BBW. Um questionário com conteúdos sobre BBW foi dado a estudantes de farmácia e medicina, do 1º, 2º e 3º ano de diferentes instituições de ensino em farmácia e medicina. Foi observada uma taxa de 76 por cento de resposta dos pesquisados. Observou-se que o conhecimento de estudantes sobre BBW melhora quando se associa à promoção para anos seguintes da educação nas faculdades de farmácia e medicina. Os resultados indicam que o conhecimento dos estudantes sobre as caixas de tarja preta aumenta com o nível de estudo. Treinamento com caixas de tarja preta pode ser implementado em instituições de ensino de farmácia e medicina, influenciando de modo significativo as formas de educação e treinamento de estudantes de farmácia e medicina, e,assim, ajudar estes estudantes a obter conhecimentos recentes sobre medicamentos de tarja preta de modo que, no futuro, elas possam exercer uma prática ética em seus respectivos campos de atuação profissional.

Bifurcation stenosis: two stents versus one stent

Percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary bifurcations is usually associated with a low success rate, a high rate of complications, and a more frequent need for target lesion revascularization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two different techniques for dealing with bifurcation lesions: 1] stenting of both branches versus 2] stenting of the main branch and balloon dilatation of the side branch. Fifty Patients with significant bifurcation stenosis were divided into 2 groups: [1] Stenting of the main and side branch [n=25] [group I]. [2] Stenting of the main branch and balloon angioplasty of the side branch [n=25] [group II]. Procedural success showed no significant difference between the two groups [84% versus 76%, respectively, p>0.05]. There was non statistically difference between the two groups as regard in hospital MI, death or target lesion revasularizasion [3[12%], 1[4%] and 4[16%] versus 1[4%], 0[0%] and 0[0%] respectively, p>0.05]. Six months follow up showed a non statistically difference between the two groups as regard MI, death, restenosis and target lesion revasularizasion [3[12%],1[4%],5 [20%] and 4[16%] versus 2[8%], 0[0%], 4[16%] and 4 [16%] respectively, p>0.05]. Stenting of the main and side branch has no advantage over stenting of the main branch and balloon angioplasty of side branch

Posterior crossbite in Iraq

Six governorates [Baghdad the capital, Ninevah, Basrah, Diyala, Anbar and Najaf] were selected to cover Iraq geographically. More than seven thousand 13 year olds were selected and an intraoral clinical examination was used to assess the presence of posterior crossbite. Posterior crossbite affecting single teeth was found in 6.1% of the sample [4.9% unilateral and 1.2% bilateral], whereas scissors bite was found in 1.5% [1.4% unilateral and 0.1% bilateral], The most commonly involved teeth in both crossbite and scissors bite were the second premolars

Mandibular teeth and intercanine widths in association with late mandibular anterior crowding

This study was designed to evaluate the mandibular teeth and inter-canine widths in arches with and without late mandibular anterior crowding of Iraqi adults at 18-25 years of age with class I Angle's classification. The sample consisted of eighty mandibular dental casts of preorthodontic patients. These casts were divided into two groups each consisting of 40 dental casts. Group I had a normal mandibular dental arch and group 2 had late mandibular anterior crowding. The mesiodistal dimension of the mandibular teeth and the inter-canine width of the mandibular arch were measured for each cast and studied. The results showed that all mandibular teeth and inter-canine widths were greater in males than females for both normal and crowded groups. Also, the teeth widths were greater in subjects with crowding than those without crowding. The mandibular inter-canine width was greater in subjects without crowding than those with crowding indicating that both tooth size and arch size play an important role in the appearance of late mandibular arch crowding